150 Years: The Power of a Story, Part 2

Soul Fire Farm

This article is part of a series that we will share throughout the 2020-2021 school year to celebrate the 150th birthday of Dr. Maria Montessori. Check back often for more posts that reflect on the past, present, and future of Montessori education.

Last month we shared the story of Montessori educator Shawnaly Tabor. This month we highlight the Montessori journey from a different perspective: that of the student. Neshima (17) and Emet (15) Vitale-Penniman are adolescents that began their Montessori primary education at a public Montessori school, and during their lower elementary years transitioned to a private Montessori school. Emet currently attends The Darrow School, where Neshima graduated from this past spring as valedictorian. In addition to their schoolwork, both children work alongside their parents Leah Penniman and Jonah Vitale-Wolff, co-founders of Soul Fire Farm.

Let’s start at the beginning. What are your earliest memories of attending a Montessori school? What did you take away from your time in a primary class that you look back and are glad to have experienced as a young child?

Emet: One of my first memories that I always think about looking back is making patterns with little plastic bears, and just little simple things like that. Making patterns led to complex math equations. Being able to do hands-on learning with materials such as the multiplication board was really helpful.

Neshima: Similarly, just experiencing lots of opportunities to do work that was really formidable and fostered deep-set curiosity, and having a lot of support with finding work that met me where I was at in my academic journey. Just finding things that quenched my curiosity and my love of learning and having teachers that were really supportive of that.

You first attended a public Montessori school before moving to a private Montessori school in lower elementary. Keeping in mind the differences between the two settings, what types of support do you think public Montessori schools might benefit from?

E: With public schools, there are a lot of requirements such as tests, but when I went to private school, they were able to design their own tests that were not required by the state, and I think Montessori should be able to have that freedom so you can go at your own pace. At my public Montessori school, I was working just with kids at my own grade level, but at private Montessori if I wanted to excel in math, I could work with kids at another grade level, but for other subjects still work with kids my age. That was really valuable.

N: That was something I wanted to touch on as well; removing those requirements around testing and this very linear model of academics that public schools are required to adhere to. Also, regarding discipline, at my first Montessori school sometimes small mistakes would result in taking away recess time, in a way that didn’t give students an opportunity to grow. Alternately, at the other school, I felt more invited into a process of changing behavior and acting responsibly, and just building those skills.

How do you think Montessori schools support kids academically? What happened if a subject area or skill was hard for you, or if you felt like you needed more of a challenge?

E: I love how Montessori teaches in a way that you can excel at something and be challenged, because it’s a curriculum built around you, and you’re able to do things that you feel challenged by. But if you’re struggling with something you can get extra help from teachers because there are small classes and just the general learning style. I just love it.

N: For sure, I think the differentiation of being able to move ahead, working with teachers to find work that meets you wherever you’re at or finding a material that’s more interesting or challenging, and being able to work alongside other students that were on the same path and doing the same work, no matter what grade they were in. So, it didn’t matter if you were on a slightly different journey than the standard curriculum. That was something that was really helpful, and that I tried to bring into my high school experience as much as I could with independent studies, so that I could move at my own pace.

Academics are one small part of who we are as we grow. How did your Montessori experience support your growth as a social and emotional person?

E: Montessori helped me learn how to build authentic, deep relationships with people. I still have a lot of friendships that I built in first and second grade. You’re able to learn together, play together, do so many things together, but also take space if you need it. It lets you cultivate relationships and friendships with people. It’s a good space for that.

N: Two things come up for me: One is building strong and accountable relationships with people that are my age - not being afraid to approach someone if there’s a conflict between us, not being afraid to figure out how to resolve it, because I was given some of those tools. The other is having confidence in relationships with adults, just because I felt so close and trusting of my teachers throughout Montessori. I now feel very much able to approach adults with questions I have, or asking them about their life, or for stories, or talking about politics, even. I feel so much more comfortable with that, being able to have these really authentic and meaningful connections with people that are a lot older than me - or even younger than me - just having that range of connection and experience is really meaningful for me.

Maria Montessori thought that educating children with her methods had the potential to change the world. What do you think?

E: I agree with that and it definitely does. The whole Montessori curriculum is about being able to pursue what you want and going at your own pace, building friendships and relationships, and I think that really does have the power to change the world. If everyone were to go to a Montessori school, I think the world could be a pretty great place.

N: Yes, I definitely agree with that. I think it’s so important in these times to have people that are really empathetic and that seek to fully understand another person or situation. So often we get into these really polarized mindsets and it’s easy to just adhere to one set of beliefs or values, and so it’s really important to have people that are curious about others and curious about learning things for the sake of learning not just to pass a test or to memorize, and to apply that to a worldview, and their efforts toward social justice or whatever they’re fighting for. Fully understanding a situation, fully understanding a story is so important, and it’s something that Montessori definitely instills in its students.

Also, regarding conflict resolution: having those tools to approach a challenge with another person or a group of people in a really mature and thoughtful way instead of lashing out and being violent - either with words or physical action - is a really important tool. 

Are there life values that you feel are important that were supported during your time in Montessori schools?

E: Building off what Neshima said, just making sure to get everyone's opinion and sit down and talk about something. To really sit down and have a conversation that needs to be had after a conflict - that’s one of the values I think is so important and I definitely learned from Montessori.

N: A big one, at least in my life, is a love of learning and curiosity. I think that’s so strongly ingrained into Montessori students and applies to both the academic world and beyond. For myself and friends, we love to explore things for the sake of understanding them and just for the sake of that experience. Not to impress anyone or to make any money from it, we really just love to learn about new things. We have an understanding that we can take whatever our passion is and turn it into something that we can pursue for our lifetime - whether that be a career or not. For me that’s been really meaningful, it’s been something that’s carried me through my high school experience and now into gap year and college experiences; it has very strongly guided my path and the way I navigate my life now - that curiosity, that passion for learning.

How has your Montessori education affected who you are as a person today? What are you up to now and what are your plans for the future?

E: Montessori shaped most of who I am. It built values of being kind to people. I probably wouldn’t be at Darrow if it weren’t for Montessori, because I liked how similar they were, with close relationships to teachers, small class size. Those are things I really enjoyed in my Montessori schools; I wanted to have good relationships with my teachers and small class sizes.

Now I am working at Soul Fire Farm creating video series. I’m editing a video series right now for the farm, as well as helping my mom farm and helping my dad with carpentry.

N: Montessori very much respects students and recognizes their maturity and their ability to learn things and apply their knowledge to the world. I feel like primary students aren’t treated like little toddlers; they are treated like the full human beings that they are. This has helped me approach a lot of what I do with confidence in my skills. As a young person I’m able to work on the farm and do farming and carpentry and graphic design and cooking, and feel really dignified in my work even though I’m a young person. I feel like I deserve the pay and praise I get; I feel like I deserve the support I get. I have the sense that the things I do are valued, even though I’m a young person and haven’t gone to school to study about it.

I just graduated high school, and even though it’s very unsettling times I had already been planning to take a gap year. I graduated one year early with the intention of using that fourth year to do a lot of hands-on pursuits of things I’m curious about. I don’t know what I want to pursue career-wise. I don’t think I would have the courage or foresight to do this without Montessori. I was accepted to Brown University, so I will be attending there after my gap year. One of the main reasons I chose that school is because similarly, they allow so much space in the curriculum for curiosity and exploring the things you’re passionate about, and finding the ways they overlap. Working with other students and schools to figure out interdisciplinary solutions to global issues and engineering challenges; that felt like something that was so magnetic and important to me in my college experience.

Is there anything else you think people should know about Montessori education?

N: I love the concept of working toward making Montessori accessible for more people. It’s so important to have low income and POC communities have access to this kind of education, because it is so formidable and so transformative for a lot of people.

I think about how much my parents have been involved, and how much Montessori students are able to invite their parents into their learning...even recently having online school during my last months of high school: I would have design challenges and could ask my dad or brother to work with me. That Montessori mindset is to think of learning as not just independent, it’s something I get to invite other people into. I suppose that’s something Montessori parents can keep in mind; they are lucky and privileged to be excited to be part of their children’s learning experience.

*Interview includes minor editing for length and clarity.

Separation Anxiety: Why It’s Normal and What You Can Do

Every fall, the doorways of classrooms become a place of transition. Children are often excited to skip into their school environment, eager to learn and play. Unfortunately, many children experience some level of separation anxiety, particularly when they are very young. The good news? This is totally normal! Read on to learn more about why, and what you can do to help your child feel good about the time you spend apart.

What does it look like?

Separation anxiety is completely normal. Most young children experience it at some point, and although it can cause stress for both the child and their parents, it’s actually a healthy part of development, especially during the toddler years. Separation anxiety can manifest in many forms. Parents might see their child display some of all of the following behaviors:

• Crying

• Physically clinging to parent

• Loud protesting

• Persistent worry when separated from parent(s) 

Separation anxiety typically doesn’t last very long for most children and resolves itself within a few weeks. Once toddlers begin to realize that their parents will actually return, their fears tend to alleviate. Even older children can experience short-lived bouts of separation anxiety. These times are often even harder for parents, but it’s all perfectly normal!

Why does it happen?

There are a variety of reasons children may experience separation anxiety, but as we mentioned above, it most often occurs during the toddler years. Any time from about 7 months of age through 2-3 years of age, children may go through a phase during which separating from their parents can be quite upsetting.

For infants, it’s about differentiating between strangers and people they know. This is obviously an important and healthy part of their development, although it can be heart wrenching when dropping your little one off with care givers in the morning before you head to work.

As children get a little older, the reasons shift toward a fear that the parent may leave and not return. After a period of time, the child learns to trust that the separation is temporary, and the anxious behaviors subside.

There are plenty of other reasons why a child may experience separation anxiety. If they are tired, not feeling well, or are experiencing stress or a period of transition in their life, they may feel the need to be closely attached to their parent(s). These feelings are typically short-lived and resolve themselves once the child feels some level of reassurance or once the underlying cause is no longer an issue.

What can we do?

Each child is different, but the following are some strategies that tend to work well for most families:

• Set aside some extra time in the morning. The simple act of not rushing can create a sense of calm for both you and your child, but it also leaves a few extra minutes for some cuddles.

• Create a routine. When your child knows what to expect, they will feel more able to trust that everything is okay. This may mean singing a special song in the car on the way to school, walking to the front door together, and making sure to squeeze in one last hug. Find whatever routine works for you and for your child.

• Be consistent. Once you’ve established a routine, stick to it. This can be a challenge, but it is so important and will do so much to help a child who is feeling anxious. Of course, life has a way of interrupting our plans and routines (especially when you’re trying to get out the door with a young child!) but try to be as consistent as possible.

• Don’t linger, but don’t sneak out. Staying too long can intensify feelings of anxiety when you do leave but leaving without your child’s knowledge isn’t the greatest idea, either. They may experience feelings of worry or sadness, but they will also be more likely to trust if they know when a parent is leaving.

• As your child’s teacher or caregiver for advice. Chances are, they have had lots of experience with separation anxiety in children. Teachers are often masters of distraction and redirection, which can help you make a peaceful exit.

What if it’s more?

Once in a while, separation anxiety is more than a phase. Again, your child’s teacher is a good person to consult if you’re concerned. If your child is well past their toddler years, if their anxiety is affecting them in multiple parts of their lives, or if behaviors are stretching past weeks and into months, it can sometimes help to talk to your child’s pediatrician.

Separation anxiety disorder is a more severe and persistent version of what most children experience. The good news is, even children who experience SAD have options to help them overcome their fears and work toward healthy, trusting, and confident periods of separations from their parents.

Want to learn more? Check out this fantastic article for helpful tips.

150 Years: The Power of the Story, Part 1

This article is part of a series that we will share throughout the 2020-2021 school year to celebrate the 150th birthday of Dr. Maria Montessori. Check back often for more posts that reflect on the past, present, and future of Montessori education.

Every Montessori journey is a bit different. For some, it starts during childhood as a student. For others, we begin as adults, either in the role of a parent or educator. Sometimes the journey may seem brief, yet what we learn becomes woven into who we are. Other times, Montessori philosophy drives our life’s work.

Over the next several months we will be sharing interviews to highlight a few of these journeys, each from a different perspective. Today we will share that of Shawnaly Tabor, M.Ed.. Shawnaly currently teaches lower elementary at Damariscotta Montessori School in Nobleboro, Maine. She attended Kalispell Montessori School in Montana (now called Woodland Montessori School) as a child and later found herself returning to the method as an educator. We think you’ll find her story fascinating and inspiring.

You were a Montessori student as a child. What was that experience like for you? What were some of the lessons, experiences, or feelings you can recall from your time in that type of learning environment?

One of the strongest, most clear memories I have from being a young Montessori student was in a primary classroom. I had been given a lesson about the golden beads and I clearly remember holding the thousand cube after the lesson and there was sun coming in the window and it was one of those early thousand cubes - they were all the ceramic glass - and so I remember it being a little bit shiny and glittery in the sunlight, and I remember holding it and thinking, “Wow. This is a thousand.” It was so special and I can clearly remember it, and I remember the weight of it, and then looking at it because it was made of all of the individual beads. I remember kind of peering into it to see if I could if I could see beads in between the bead gaps.

Then when I was a little bit older in upper elementary, I remember the Timeline of Life. It showed from simple life-forms through dinosaurs and eventually to humans with pictures, and I remember I was amazed by the beauty of it and the complexity of it and then also how small the human section was at the end.

Are there ways in which your years as a Montessori child colored your experience in other types of educational environments?

 When I got into public school math classes I really enjoyed math and I felt like I understood it well. When the teacher was talking about different concepts, I would get pictures in my head that would help me understand it. At the time I didn’t really realize what was going on until I went to my Montessori training and I was reacquainted with the materials. I realized that through middle school, high school, and even college that I had been picturing a version of what I remembered of the Montessori materials. Working with them really formed a picture in my head that helped me understand math better.

Socially it was a tricky transition, but I realized that it was a tricky transition for everybody. In the valley that I’d lived in there were many small elementary schools and in the seventh grade everybody transitioned to this great big school. Everybody was having the same experience as I was, moving from a small environment to a big environment. I feel like the years I spent working in a Montessori school on independence, self-confidence, and academic skills helped support me through what could have been a really scary experience. Because the academics seemed a bit easier, I was able to make friends, and it helped my transition be easier. And I started to find the excitement within the transition, and I really enjoyed learning.

What led you to your Montessori training? What was training like for you? You mentioned that you had your former teachers as some of your training instructors.

Yes, I was able to come back and be an adult with my Montessori teachers. It was a very interesting experience. One of them had saved something I had written from when I was a child and brought it out during one of the lessons as an example. It was very special, and a little bit silly, and a little embarrassing, but it was wonderful to see them again and to have them as mentors in a new way.

After I received my public school certification and completed my student teaching there, I became aware that I did not want to stay in that system. I debated options, but I decided I wanted to work in the private sector. I researched different options and observed in different schools, but I found my heart was still in the Montessori realm. And that was where I wanted my son to be.

At the time I went to training my son was three and had started going to the Montessori school I went to as a child, too. It was being a parent that really led me back to Montessori. 

What has teaching in a lower elementary environment been like for you? What keeps you returning to the classroom each year?

The kids are so amazing. The way that they see the world and the way that they approach life is different from adults. They don’t have the same life experience and a lot of things are new to them. They’re excited about learning; they’re excited about life. They wear their emotions right in the front, so there’s an emotional honesty working in the lower el. Sometimes it’s really messy but it’s always really beautiful.

The kids have this amazing ability to learn to focus on solutions and they also have this amazing empathy for other people. I would say that every child I have worked with has this beautiful empathy for other people, and it’s just wonderful.

They also say really interesting things, and it’s always from this beautiful kid perspective. I just love it. It’s also the age when they start to develop their sense of humor. The way it develops from first grade to third grade is really fun to watch.

You were a Montessori parent as well. What is your advice for families who are just beginning their journey?

For me it was familiar (the Montessori realm), but for most people it isn’t. So, one of the most important things to know as a Montessori parent is that you’re going to be confronted with a lot of ideas that might be uncomfortable simply because you aren’t used to it. It can feel more abstract because there aren’t grades, and there isn’t a ‘where is my child at according to other children’ mentality. All the kids are on their own track and we treat them as individuals and try to provide what each child needs.

It can feel disconcerting because it isn’t familiar. Even though research shows that it’s really awesome for kids, it can be really uncomfortable for parents. Just be brave and know that you’ll feel that way, and that’s okay, and the teachers are there for you. In a Montessori school it’s different; the teachers are there for the parents, too. We’re all on the same team for your child. They will be there to listen and provide anything the parent needs, as well as the child.

Montessori schools tend to be beautiful, emphasize peace, nature, and social-emotional learning. From the outside, they can look like magical places where everyone is always happy. However, it's important to understand that not every day will be perfect and that the path of development is often difficult and messy. This is okay. Teachers, children, parents, and all other school personnel are humans. We have emotions, make mistakes, and aren't perfect. What Montessori schools do have is a focus on growth and seeing mistakes as part of the path toward improvement. We accept each other on our bad days, just as openly as we accept each other on our good days. The magic in Montessori is not being a perfect, happy environment, it's in seeing the messiness as an aspect of the beauty.

Can you share a bit about your work with Positive Discipline and how you feel the model fits in with Montessori education and parenting?

Yes, it isn’t in every Montessori school even though it does dovetail perfectly. Just like Montessori, Positive Discipline focuses on ways to help the children be independent, resilient, builds communication skills, and self-regulation. What Positive Discipline has is the direct tools for classroom management. We all want children to be independent and resilient, but Positive Discipline offers a how-to guide, almost. It takes the philosophical concepts we all strive for and make it more concrete, so it’s accessible to teachers and parents.

Like with Montessori, it’s focused on long-term change. We want a better society; we’re guiding human beings. Positive Discipline also has that long-term focus. We don’t want to just stop a behavior or start a behavior, we want to help the child develop to be the best human being they can be. It can help those of us who didn’t grow up with those tools, especially in times of stress.

Is there anything else you would like to discuss regarding your personal journey with Montessori education?

It’s been a really impactful thing in my life, even during the times when I didn’t realize it. Sometimes in the moment we don’t realize where we get our strength or resilience, but when I look back a lot of the times when I’ve had something challenging happen - as we all do - I can see how the social-emotional or academic skills that I learned in Montessori have bolstered me through the challenging times. It’s become a foundation and the fabric of who I am, and so even when I don’t realize it, it’s still with me, and still supporting me.

*Edited for length and clarity.

150 Years: Supporting the Growth of Montessori for All Children

This article is part of a series that we will share throughout the 2020-2021 school year to celebrate the 150th birthday of Dr. Maria Montessori. Check back often for more posts that reflect on the past, present, and future of Montessori education.

If you’re reading this article, you are likely already a champion of Montessori education. At the very least, you’ve heard anecdotes or read other articles that have piqued your interest and you want to learn more.

We truly believe that Montessori is an excellent option for children. Beyond that, we believe the philosophy has the power to change the world. Montessori was an advocate for peace, equality, and respect for human beings, no matter their age or abilities.

Maria Montessori’s earliest work centered on children who were marginalized by the society they lived in. She believed that lifting up all members of a society was best for everyone. Today, the vast majority of Montessori schools across the globe are independent schools, leaving access to this important model generally limited to those who can afford it.

What can we do to ensure Montessori is available for everyone? The search for a solution is ongoing, but the journey is a critical one that we must continue to work toward.

How It All Began

At the onset of the twentieth century, a newly graduated Dr. Montessori was put in charge of the Orthophrenic School in Rome. Prior to her arrival, the children who lived there were essentially tucked away from the rest of society in a dull and unstimulating environment. Physicians today may have diagnosed these children with learning disabilities, autism, or other disabilities that caused them to present slightly outside what was considered ‘acceptable’ at the time. These disabilities were not understood, so the solution was to simply send the children away.

Montessori and her colleagues would not accept the environment as it was left to them. They quickly began observing the children, learning more about their needs, and developing activities and materials that helped develop and nurture the senses as well as teach valuable practical life skills. The children soon learned to master activities such as preparing their own meals, and eventually moved on to academic pursuits within the school. After some time, many of these children were able to perform as well as ‘typical’ students on standardized tests.

Shortly after her time at the Orthophrenic School, Montessori was called upon to begin a school in a low-income neighborhood in Rome. The resident parents of young children had to work long days, and since the children were too young to attend grade school, they were left to fend for themselves at home. This resulted in general disruption and chaos, so the manager of an apartment complex thought a primary school could be the answer.

Casa dei Bambini was established in 1907. Once again, Dr. Montessori set to creating materials and lessons that supported the development of the children’s senses and practical life skills. This soon expanded to math, language, and other subject areas. She found it critical to meet with the children’s mothers on a regular basis, so that they may be informed about the learning that was taking place.

It quickly became apparent that not only was this education a positive experience for the children, it was having a profoundly positive impact on the families, and in turn, the entire neighborhood.

Montessori Today

Montessori education continues to flourish today, well into the twenty-first century. In countries across the globe, parents seeking something different than conventional education methods turn to Montessori.

Estimates state there are approximately 20,000 Montessori schools globally, with about 5,000 of those in the United States. Roughly 10% of US Montessori Schools are free public schools, with the remainder existing as tuition-based independent schools.

Independent schools have great benefits. Unbound by federal, state, and district mandates, they are able to fully implement high-fidelity Montessori programs that are encumbered by a wide variety of hurdles faced by public schools, including high-stakes testing. And independent schools are doing what they can to enroll diverse student populations. Annual fundraisers typically contribute to financial aid programs, as do donations made by individuals.

As for public Montessori schools, there are excellent, high-quality examples across the country. The trouble is, public schools face a constant uphill battle to gain autonomy from rigid district requirements, and it can be challenging for some to offer a fully implemented Montessori program.

What does this all mean? While there is an increasing interest in Montessori education, it is largely available to middle- and upper-income families, leaving lower income families with few (if any) options.

Initiatives That Support Change

There are a number of organizations that actively support greater access to Montessori education. Here are just a few: 

Montessori for Social Justice

MSJ’s mission? “We support the creation of sustainable learning environments that dismantle systems of oppression, amplify voices of the Global Majority, and cultivate partnerships to liberate the human potential.” Their work goes beyond simply creating more Montessori opportunities for all; they strive to create a more equitable experience for all. Over the past seven years, their movement has gained widespread support as they continue to address systemic social justice issues and how they relate to Montessori education.

National Center for Montessori in the Public Sector

From their website: “The National Center for Montessori in the Public Sector is an independent non-profit organization supporting the growth of public Montessori with tools and resources, training and orientation, and direct school services.” NCMPS strives to support schools and educators in providing high-quality Montessori education in public schools across the United States. They also release a print and digital news and information source three times annually. More information on that can be found at https://www.montessoripublic.org .

Wildflower Schools

The Wildflower network was born out of one parent’s desire to open a small, independent, neighborhood school that would serve local children. The organization has blossomed into a decentralized network of independent microschools that honor principles such as authentic Montessori instruction, shopfront microschools (1 or 2 classes) led by teachers, innovation, strengthened connections with the home, and a commitment to equity. Wildflower was not necessarily created as an answer to the lack of Montessori for all, but the model lends itself to solving access issues. Many of the schools are opened by teacher-leaders with this goal in mind. One great example is that of Janet Begin’s  work in Haverhill, Massachusetts.

What You Can Do

While there is certainly progress being made, there is still lots of work to be done. Here are some ideas on how each of us might contribute.

• Support high-quality Montessori education. Anyone can say they are ‘Montessori’. For the general public to take Montessori seriously, and for its many benefits to be fully realized, we must focus our efforts on high-fidelity Montessori programs.

• Donate what you can to support scholarship initiatives. Our school welcomes donations that allow us to offer financial aid to families that would not otherwise be able to afford our tuition. The more donations we collect, the more families we can serve.

• Advocate for programs within your local public district that allow innovation. Show your support for your local public schools! The teachers in most public districts face constant pushback when trying to implement innovative approaches. Programs such as federal magnet grants can help schools provide students with alternative education offerings.

Montessori or Conventional: What’s Best for Your Family?

You already know that Montessori is different from conventional education methods. You may have heard some folks rave about the benefits while others share their doubts. The truth is, there are a lot of differences. Montessori education is nothing like the type of schooling that most children experience - including us adults when we were children.

Understanding the differences can help you decide whether Montessori might be a good fit for your family. We invite you to read the comparison below, then come see for yourself. Visiting our classroom environments in person is the very best way to understand our approach.

When viewing this chart please keep two important points in mind:

1. All schools are different. There is no one standard for conventional or Montessori educational settings. The statements below are generalizations, thought widely considered accurate.

2. You may see similar charts like this floating around the internet. Ours is different in that we aim to provide factual, observational comparisons. The intention is not to convince you that Montessori is somehow better, but to assist you in your decision making process. We do, of course, believe in the validity of our methods, but we fully acknowledge that Montessori is not the best fit for every family.

Montessori

Conventional

Mixed Age Groupings

Montessori classrooms utilize a multi-age model. Ranges are typically 3-6, 6-9, and 9-12.

Single Year Chronological Grade Levels

In conventional schools, children generally move to a new grade and class each year.

Individualized Instruction

Teachers are trained to guide children through a set curriculum, however each child sets their own pace and is able to more deeply explore areas of interest.

Group Paced Instruction with Elements of Differentiation

Teachers often teach skills to the whole class at once and pacing does not allow for extra support or challenge. In recent years efforts are being made in some settings to find ways to provide elements of differentiated instruction.

Focus on Intrinsic Motivation

Montessori educators believe that children have an innate desire to learn and that the learning itself is a reward. Progress reports typically include teacher narratives and information on skills that have been presented, practiced, and mastered.

Use of Rewards and Punishments

Conventional schooling typically takes the approach that external rewards are motivators. Children receive grades on their report cards, stickers or stamps on papers deemed “good”, and class celebrations for positive behavior.

Physical Autonomy

Montessori environments are set up so that children may safely and independently use the toilet, eat a snack, and get a drink of water when their bodies signal the need and without the permission of an adult.

Adult Permission Required to Fulfill Certain Needs

In order to maintain order within a class that largely does the same activities at the same time, children have scheduled snack/restroom use times, or they may ask an adult for permission.

One Teacher for Three Years

As a result of multi-age class groupings, children remain with the same teacher for three years.

New Teacher Each Year

In typical conventional schools, children move on to a new classroom with a new teacher each school year.

Variety of Seating Options

Children may choose to sit and work alone or with others, at a table or on a carpeted floor. They may move throughout the day to seek out different seating options.

Desks with Chairs

Most conventional classrooms utilize individual desks with chairs. There are many configurations; some teachers rely on the traditional row formation, while others use desks to form small groups, a horseshoe shape, or other setups.

Select Art on Walls

Framed prints or artwork are hung on classroom walls. Select, specific curriculum materials (such as timelines) may be seen in elementary and adolescent environments.

Environmental Text

Many conventional educators hang reference materials on the walls of their classrooms, as well as motivational and/or decorative posters.

Natural Materials

Montessori classrooms emphasize use of wood, glass, and natural fibers. Plastic is avoided whenever possible

Variety of Materials

A variety of materials can be found in conventional classrooms, with an emphasis on paper and plastic.

Hands-On Materials

Specially designed hands-on materials are used in Montessori classrooms. As children get older (throughout the elementary years), they rely increasingly on pencil and paper, typically using notebooks. There are generally no textbooks, workbooks, or worksheets.

Textbooks, Worksheets, and Manipulatives

A variety of teaching tools are used, including textbooks, workbooks, and photocopied worksheets. In the last two decades, conventional schools are finding ways to include the use of manipulative materials, especially in math and science.

Formative Assessment

Montessori teachers rely heavily on formative assessment, which entails observing a child as they work. During lessons this often means staying flexible enough to change course depending on the child’s understanding of the skill.

Summative Assessment

Teachers in conventional schools rely on a variety of assessment methods, but tend to lean heavily on summative assessment. Examples include tests, quizzes, and graded assignments. Summative assessments place a value on student understanding at a particular point in time.

150 Years: A Legacy to Celebrate

Dr. Maria Montessori

This article is part of a series that we will share throughout the 2020-2021 school year to celebrate the 150th birthday of Dr. Maria Montessori. Check back often for more posts that reflect on the past, present, and future of Montessori education.

August 31 marks the 150th birthday of Dr. Maria Montessori. Throughout the upcoming school year we will be bringing you articles in celebration of this milestone, kicking it off with a month full of articles this September.

First off, we would like to share a little bit about the woman herself, the course this remarkable educational movement has taken, and where we are today.

Education, Service, and Drive, From the Start

In a seaside town in Italy, Maria Montessori was born in August of 1870. At the time, education was not always readily available for girls and women, and was certainly not emphasized. Her father Alessandro was a man with fairly conservative views, but Montessori’s mother Renilde was rather well educated herself. Well into her young adulthood, Maria’s father often disapproved of her life decisions, while her mother encouraged them. (He did, fortunately, seem to have a change of heart later on.)

Even as a child, a deep sense of service was instilled in Maria by her parents. She knitted for and spent time with those in her community that were less fortunate. She was tasked with cleaning the floor of her family home, a chore which she likely took great pride in. 

Maria’s family moved when she was young due to her father’s work, and they eventually ended up in Rome, where she began the first grade. Schools in Rome at the time were far superior to those elsewhere in Italy, so her educational advantages began early.

At a certain point, school and learning became much more important to Maria. It is said (and referenced in a biography by Rita Kramer) that she once took a math book with her to the theater so she could study during the performance. One thing she was certain of: she would never become a teacher.

For a while, young Maria aspired to be an engineer, but later decided she would rather attend medical school. At the time (unfortunately but perhaps unsurprisingly) women were not permitted in the university program. Not to be dissuaded but an initial rejection, Montessori took and passed the entrance exams and continued to ask for admittance until she received ‘yes’ for an answer.

During her years at the university, Montessori faced constant discrimination due to her gender. She was not permitted to enter lecture halls at the same time as her male counterparts or study cadavers alongside the other medical students. (They felt it improper to be in the presence of a dead, naked body with a woman.) She wasn’t even allowed to walk to school without a male chaperone, who was, of course, her disapproving father.

Despite it all, Maria Montessori did become Dr. Montessori. Over the years she gained the respect of many of her university peers, faculty, and family members.

A Winding Path to a Visionary Model

Early in her career, Montessori was assigned to work in a psychiatric hospital. Children were treated there alongside adults, and Montessori was struck by the sheer lack of stimulation available to the children. She began working with the children and soon realized their cognitive capabilities far exceeded what they were assumed to be able to accomplish.

Not long after, Montessori was asked to start a school in an impoverished neighborhood in Rome. In an apartment complex, the parents were forced to go to work each day and leave behind their children who were too young to be in school yet themselves. This led to a natural progression of unruly behavior, thus leading the apartment manager to seek a solution. 

Montessori opened her school on the first floor of one of the apartment buildings. It was called Casa dei Bambini (Children’s House) and provided a place for the little ones to use their time productively, while also allowing Dr. Montessori an opportunity to develop her now infamous materials and methods. She believed that young children learned first through the senses, and her materials were created specifically to allow children independence in the journey to refining them.

Not only were the children of this first Casa privy to the materials; they also were the first to experience Montessori practical life lessons. They helped to prepare and serve their own meals. They polished the silver and cut and arranged the flowers. They learned polite social norms through intentional modeling and lessons in grace and courtesy. They began to take pride in their work, their community, and their home. Montessori recruited a woman who was a resident of the complex to become the teacher, and the children’s mothers met with her regularly to discuss progress.

The results were astounding. This work done with the children slowly trickled outward so that it positively affected the entire neighborhood. Visitors came to the school and were amazed at how focused and engaged the children were with their work. No one had ever seen anything quite like it before.

Observing, Refining, and Sharing

Montessori’s work and ideas spread quickly as more and more people visited Casa dei Bambini. Requests were made to open new schools elsewhere, and Montessori soon found herself training teachers, producing copies of her materials, and giving lectures around the world.

Throughout her life, Dr. Montessori’s work never ended. Though she began with a focus on children aged 3-6, during different times in her life she focused on developing methods and materials for elementary aged children, infants and toddlers, and adolescents. She was a fierce advocate for the preservation of the methods she had worked tirelessly to create. She was, after all, a woman of science. Each material, each lesson, each approach - they were all a result of many hours of careful testing, observation, analyzation, and refining. It was understandably important to her that the movement that bore her name moved forward in a way that honored her high standards.

Montessori Education: Where It Stands Today

Today, there are tens of thousands of Montessori schools across the globe. In the United States alone, there are more than 2,000 private and more than 500 public Montessori schools.

Efforts are being made to advance Montessori into mainstream education while retaining high fidelity methods. Current scientific research in areas of learning, brain development, and human development are repeatedly confirming what has already been known by over a century of Montessori education.

What might the next decade bring? Shifts in our common goals for education and what developing children need just may be the push our society needs to fully embrace what’s been working for so many families for such a long time.

We’re glad to have you on this journey with us.